When searching for the best benchtop steam autoclave sterilizer, you want a model that balances performance, ease of use, and reliability. The 23L Autoclave High Pressure Steam stands out as the overall top pick thanks to its large capacity and advanced features. For those prioritizing affordability, the 8L Portable Steam Autoclave offers solid sterilization in a compact form. Meanwhile, the New Upgrade 18L Autoclave Sterilizer combines high power and convenient features for demanding professional use. Most buyers face tradeoffs between capacity, cycle speed, and price—continue reading for a full breakdown to find the best fit for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Capacity varies widely, with larger models ideal for professional settings and smaller ones suited for home or small clinics.
- Features like drying functions and digital displays significantly improve usability but often increase cost.
- Material quality, especially stainless steel grade, impacts durability and maintenance needs.
- Cycle times differ, with faster models suited for busy environments, but they tend to be more expensive.
- Voltage options and portability influence where and how the sterilizer can be used, especially in home or mobile setups.
More Details on Our Top Picks
23L Autoclave High Pressure Steam with Drying Function, Digital LED Display, Dual-Control Door Lock, Stainless Steel Laboratory Equipment
This 23-liter autoclave stands out for its robust stainless steel construction and advanced safety features, making it ideal for demanding lab environments. Compared to the smaller 18L models, it offers a larger chamber, increasing capacity without sacrificing safety, thanks to its automatic venting and overheating cut-off. Its dual-mode operation supports both standard and high-temperature sterilization, providing flexibility. However, its size and weight make it less suitable for tight spaces or portable needs. The microchip-controlled precise temperature regulation ensures reliable results, while the durable build resists corrosion over time. The main tradeoff is the higher cost and larger footprint, which might be unnecessary for smaller setups. This pick makes the most sense for labs requiring high-volume sterilization with maximum safety and durability.
Pros:- Large 23L capacity for high-volume sterilization
- High-grade 304 stainless steel construction for durability
- Advanced safety features including automatic venting and overheat protection
Cons:- Heavy and bulky, less suitable for tight or mobile environments
- Higher price point compared to smaller models
Best for: Large laboratories needing consistent, high-capacity sterilization with advanced safety features
Not ideal for: Small clinics or mobile setups where space and portability are limited
- Chamber Volume:23 liters
- Material:304 stainless steel
- Temperature Modes:121°F and 134°F
- Safety Features:Automatic venting, overheating cut-off, safety valve
- Dimensions:25×45 cm
- Construction:High-grade stainless steel
Bottom line: Ideal for large-scale laboratory settings prioritizing safety, durability, and capacity over portability.
18L Class N Tabletop Autoclave Sterilizer, 110V 900W Digital High Pressure Steam Sterilizer with Security Door Lock
This 18-liter autoclave offers a compelling balance of performance and affordability, making it suitable for dental offices, tattoo shops, and small labs. Its compact size (22×14 inches) allows it to fit comfortably on countertops, unlike larger models like the 23L unit. The built-in safety features—overheat sensor, safety interlock—provide peace of mind during operation. Its intuitive control panel and included accessories, like trays and a drainage system, make it user-friendly. Compared to the 14L models, it provides more capacity while maintaining ease of use. A downside is that its size still limits sterilization of larger instruments, and the 900W power limits rapid cycles compared to higher-watt models. Still, it offers excellent value for professional settings with moderate throughput needs.
Pros:- Compact, countertop-friendly design
- Reliable safety features including overheat sensor and door lock
- Includes multiple trays and drainage system for easy cleaning
Cons:- Limited capacity compared to larger autoclaves
- Cycle times may be longer than higher-watt models
Best for: Small to medium-sized dental practices or tattoo studios seeking reliable sterilization without excess size or cost
Not ideal for: Large labs or medical facilities requiring very high volume sterilization or faster cycle times
- Chamber Volume:18 liters
- Material:304 stainless steel
- Power:900W
- Voltage:110V
- Dimensions:22.05 x 14.37 x 12.99 inches
- Safety Features:Overheat sensor, safety interlock
Bottom line: A practical choice for small to medium clinics prioritizing safety, ease of use, and space efficiency.
TR250E 14L Autoclave High Pressure Steam Machine for Dental Lab Salon 251.6°F Professional Stainless Steel Equipment with 3 Trays and Pressure Gauge
The TR250E 14L autoclave excels in providing precise control with its built-in pressure gauge and stainless steel construction, making it a dependable choice for dental and lab professionals. Its 14-liter chamber is well-suited for standard instrument sterilization, and the manual water supply allows flexible operation. While it operates at a high temperature of 251.6°F, its cycle time of around 25 minutes is competitive, though slightly longer than some faster units. Compared to the 18L models, it focuses on precision and durability but lacks some advanced safety automation. Its manual pressure release and basic safety features make it less suited for environments demanding fully automatic operation. This autoclave makes the most sense for professionals valuing control and durability over automation speed.
Pros:- High-temperature operation at 251.6°F for thorough sterilization
- Built with corrosion-resistant #304 stainless steel
- Includes pressure gauge and multiple trays for organized sterilization
Cons:- Longer cycle time (~25 minutes) compared to some modern units
- Manual operation may be less convenient for high-throughput settings
Best for: Dental clinics and laboratories requiring precise pressure monitoring and durable stainless steel construction
Not ideal for: High-volume or fast-paced environments where cycle speed and automation are critical
- Capacity:14 liters
- Material:#304 stainless steel
- Temperature:251.6°F
- Pressure:0.12 MPa
- Cycle Time:25 minutes
- Power:900W
Bottom line: Best suited for professionals prioritizing durability, precise control, and high-temperature sterilization over cycle speed.
T-Classic Steam Autoclave 9 Liter Portable Tabletop Sterilizer
The T-Classic 9L autoclave is designed for portability, weighing just over 11 pounds, and offers an 18-minute cycle that suits busy clinics needing quick turnaround. Its fully automatic operation simplifies sterilization, while the compact size (9.5″ width) makes it ideal for small clinics or on-the-go sterilization needs. The simple interface and safety features, like automatic shutoff and secure door lock, contribute to user-friendliness. Compared to larger models like the 18L units, it sacrifices capacity for portability and price. Its 250°F sterilizing temperature and short cycle make it perfect for quick sterilization of small tools, but it’s not suitable for sterilizing larger instruments or high-volume workloads. This unit makes the most sense for practitioners needing a lightweight, easy-to-use sterilizer for low-volume, mobile, or budget-conscious applications.
Pros:- Lightweight and portable design
- Fast 18-minute sterilization cycle
- Fully automatic with simple operation
Cons:- Limited chamber size restricts larger instrument sterilization
- Less suitable for high-volume or complex sterilization needs
Best for: Mobile clinics, estheticians, or small practices needing a lightweight, quick sterilizer
Not ideal for: High-volume facilities or those sterilizing larger instruments regularly
- Chamber Volume:9 liters
- Material:Stainless steel
- Cycle Time:18 minutes
- Max Temperature:250°F
- Weight:11.7 lbs
- Power:900W
Bottom line: An excellent portable option for small practices or mobile professionals prioritizing speed and ease of use.
14L Lab Steam Autoclave sterilizers Medical, 900W High-Pressure autocalve Machine, 3.7 Gallon Dental Sterilizer Machine for Tools, Lab Autoclaves with 3 Trays for Esthetician
This 14L autoclave combines a slightly smaller capacity with a focus on professional versatility, suitable for dental, medical, and esthetician applications. Its stainless steel construction and pressure monitoring ensure safety and durability, comparable to the TR250E but with a slightly smaller chamber. The 25-minute cycle time balances efficiency with thorough sterilization at 121°C. It supports multiple industries, including dental and beauty salons, making it a flexible choice. Compared to larger units, it offers a more compact footprint but still provides three removable trays for organized sterilization. Its main tradeoff involves slightly longer cycles and manual operation, which could be less convenient for high-volume clinics. This model is best for small practices that need reliable, multi-purpose sterilization in a compact form.
Pros:- Reliable stainless steel build for durability
- Supports multiple industry applications
- Includes three removable trays for organized sterilization
Cons:- Cycle time around 25 minutes, not the fastest
- Manual operation may be less suited for high-throughput environments
Best for: Small clinics, dental practices, or salons needing versatile sterilization in limited space
Not ideal for: High-volume environments or facilities requiring rapid turnaround times
- Capacity:14 liters
- Material:Stainless steel
- Temperature:121°C (250°F)
- Power:900W
- Trays:3 removable trays
- Cycle Time:25 minutes
Bottom line: Great for multi-industry applications where space is limited and reliable sterilization is needed.
New Upgrade 18L Autoclave Sterilizer, 110V ~ 230V Tabletop Class N High Pressure Steam Sterilizer Autoclave Machine with Drying Function, LED Digital Display & Secure Door Lock
This upgraded 18L autoclave stands out for its combination of high capacity, fast cycle times, and safety features, making it ideal for busy labs or clinics. Compared with the VIBURISH 24L model, this device offers a more compact design while maintaining a large chamber suitable for multiple instruments. Its embedded heating system reduces water consumption and simplifies maintenance, though the complexity of safety protections might require some learning curve for new users. The LED digital display and automatic pressure relief ensure precise control and safety, making it suitable for professional environments where reliability matters. However, its higher wattage and advanced features mean a slightly higher initial cost and setup considerations.
Pros:- High capacity chamber (18L) accommodating multiple tools simultaneously
- Fast cycle times (40-50 minutes) with dual temperature options
- Automatic pressure relief and drying functions for thorough sterilization
Cons:- Relatively higher power consumption due to 1700W output
- Complex safety features may overwhelm beginners
Best for: Mid-sized medical or laboratory facilities needing reliable, quick sterilization with user-friendly controls.
Not ideal for: Small home clinics or hobbyist users who prefer simpler, less expensive options without advanced safety features.
- Capacity:18L
- Power:1700W
- Voltage:110V-230V
- Temperature Options:121°C / 134°C
- Cycle Time:40-50 minutes
- Material:304 stainless steel
- Display:LED digital
- Safety Features:Automatic relief, overheating protection
Bottom line: This model is best suited for professional environments that require efficient, safe, and versatile sterilization solutions.
Benchtop Steam Autoclave 24 Liter Stainless Steel Lab Autoclave Sterilizers
This 24L autoclave is designed for quick, efficient sterilization cycles of 4-6 minutes, making it perfect for laboratories with high throughput needs. Compared with the New Upgrade 18L model, this device emphasizes speed over capacity, ideal for users prioritizing rapid turnaround. Its automatic control with water cut-off protection and voice prompts simplifies operation, though the shorter cycle times come with trade-offs in chamber size. Its straightforward controls and safety features make it suitable for users with basic sterilization needs, but it may not accommodate larger instrument sets or diverse sterilization protocols as flexibly.
Pros:- Rapid sterilization cycle (4-6 minutes)
- Automatic control with water cut-off protection
- Voice prompt alerts for easy operation
Cons:- Limited chamber size for larger instrument sets
- Less versatile for different sterilization protocols
Best for: Laboratories requiring fast sterilization of small batches with minimal operational complexity.
Not ideal for: Large clinics or facilities with extensive instrument loads, where larger capacity is required.
- Capacity:24L
- Cycle Time:4-6 minutes
- Control:Automatic with voice prompts
- Protection:Water cut-off, over-temp and over-pressure protection
- Material:Stainless steel
- Power:900W
Bottom line: Ideal for quick turnaround labs needing fast, reliable sterilization of small instrument batches.
18L Autoclave High Pressure Steam with Drying Function, Digital LED Display, Dual-Control Door Lock, Stainless Steel Laboratory Equipment
This 18L autoclave is distinguished by its precise microchip-controlled temperature and pressure settings, making it ideal for sensitive labs that demand consistent results. Compared with the New Upgrade 18L model, this device offers enhanced safety with a dual-control door lock and a dedicated drying function, though it lacks some of the advanced safety protections like automatic venting. Its durable stainless steel construction and detailed digital display ensure reliability over long-term use. However, its slightly higher price point and complex controls might challenge users unfamiliar with digital sterilizers.
Pros:- Microchip-based precise temperature and pressure control
- Dual-control door lock for added security
- Effective drying function for instrument dryness
Cons:- Higher cost compared to basic models
- Limited protection features without automatic venting
Best for: Research labs and clinics that need exact temperature and pressure control for delicate instruments.
Not ideal for: Small clinics or users seeking simple operation without detailed control features.
- Capacity:18L
- Temperature:121°C / 134°C
- Material:Stainless steel
- Control:Microchip-based digital
- Door Lock:Dual-control
- Drying:Yes
Bottom line: This autoclave offers excellent control and safety features for labs that prioritize precision in sterilization.
Portable Steam Autoclave Ster𝒊l𝒊zer, 8L/2.11Gal 1.2KW 110V 264.2℉ Stainless Steel High Pressure Steam Cleaning Machine Desktop Ster𝒊l𝒊zer Equipment for Laboratory and Home Use
This 8L portable autoclave is ideal for small-scale sterilization tasks at home or in small clinics, thanks to its compact size and stainless steel construction. Compared with larger models like the 18L or 24L options, this device sacrifices capacity for portability and ease of storage, making it perfect for occasional use. The high-pressure steam up to 264°F ensures effective sterilization of small batches quickly. Its simple design and reliable sealing make it user-friendly, but the small capacity limits its usefulness for larger or busy environments. Additionally, its lower wattage means longer cycle times compared to larger, more powerful autoclaves.
Pros:- Compact, portable design (8L capacity)
- Stainless steel durable construction
- High-pressure steam up to 264°F for effective sterilization
Cons:- Limited capacity for large batches
- Longer cycle times due to lower wattage
- Basic controls without advanced safety features
Best for: Hobbyist, home lab, or small clinic users needing portable sterilization solutions.
Not ideal for: High-volume clinics or labs requiring large batch sterilization or advanced safety features.
- Capacity:8L
- Power:1.2KW
- Voltage:110V
- Max Temperature:264.2°F
- Material:304 stainless steel
- Design:Portable, desktop
Bottom line: This device is perfect for small-scale, occasional sterilization needs where portability is a priority.
Tuttnauer T-Classic 9 Autoclave Classic Electric Automatic Sterilizer
This pick stands out for its exceptional portability and simplicity, making it ideal for small clinics or mobile practices that need a reliable sterilizer on the go. Compared with larger models like the New Upgrade 18L Autoclave, the T-Classic 9 is significantly lighter at only 11.7 lbs, enabling easy transport without sacrificing core sterilization functions. Its one-touch operation and quick 18-minute cycle streamline workflows, especially when time is limited. However, this portability means a smaller capacity, which might not suit busy facilities requiring continuous sterilization of multiple instruments. The safety interlock and thermal fuse add peace of mind, but the device’s compact size limits its use to low-volume settings. Overall, this sterilizer makes the most sense for individual practitioners or small offices prioritizing mobility and ease of use.
Pros:- Extremely lightweight and portable at just 11.7 lbs
- Simple one-touch operation for quick cycles
- Rapid 18-minute sterilization cycle
Cons:- Limited capacity may not meet the needs of busy clinics
- Less suitable for high-throughput environments
Best for: Solo practitioners, mobile clinics, or small offices needing a lightweight, easy-to-use sterilizer.
Not ideal for: High-volume clinics or laboratories that require larger capacity autoclaves for frequent sterilization.
- Operation Mode:Automatic
- Cycle Time:18 minutes
- Item Weight:11.7 lbs
- Materials & Care:Robust plastic and electronic components
- Safety Features:Interlock system, thermal fuse
- Style:Compact, portable
Bottom line: Ideal for small-scale, mobile, or low-volume settings where ease of use and portability are priorities.
Electric Heated 4.7 Gallon(18L) Autoclave Steam Sterilizer Stainless Steel Shell Pressure Canner
This model is well suited for users who need a sturdy, straightforward sterilizer without many bells and whistles. Its stainless steel construction and simple pressure gauge make it durable and easy to monitor, comparable to the BAOSHISHAN 12L model but with a slightly larger capacity. The manual operation and lack of automatic shutoff mean it requires constant supervision, which could be a drawback for busy environments. The safety features, including a positive-action clamping wing nut and pressure release valve, bolster reliability, but the unit’s lack of automated controls limits convenience. This pick makes the most sense for small labs or hobbyists who value durability and straightforward operation over advanced features.
Pros:- Made of high-quality stainless steel for durability
- Easy-to-read geared steam gauge for monitoring pressure
- Simple manual controls with positive action clamp
Cons:- Requires constant supervision; no automatic shutoff
- Manual operation can be less convenient for busy use
Best for: Small laboratories or hobbyists seeking a robust, low-cost sterilizer with basic safety features.
Not ideal for: High-demand medical or laboratory settings where automation and continuous monitoring are essential.
- Capacity:4.7 gallons / 18L
- Materials & Care:304 stainless steel
- Pressure Range:0.145-0.165 MPa
- Temperature:259°F / 126°C
- Safety Features:Pressure gauge, safety valve
- Operation Mode:Manual
Bottom line: Best suited for small-scale or hobbyist use where durability and straightforward control matter most.
BAOSHISHAN 12L Steam Autoclave 12.7 QT Stainless Steel Portable Pressure Autoclave 1KW 110V
This autoclave excels in safety features and versatile operation, making it suitable for delicate tasks in small clinics or labs. Its 304 stainless steel body ensures durability, while the dual valves provide an extra layer of safety, automatically releasing excess pressure—an upgrade over models like the Tuttnauer T-Classic 9 with simpler safety mechanisms. Its 12L capacity offers enough space for small batches, but the manual operation still demands user vigilance since it doesn’t include automatic cycles or timers, unlike the New Upgrade 18L model. The device’s portability and high safety standards make it a good fit for environments where safety cannot be compromised, but it might be less convenient for high-volume workflows.
Pros:- Constructed of durable 304 stainless steel
- Automatic pressure release via dual safety valves
- Portable and easy to use in small spaces
Cons:- Manual operation requires constant oversight
- Limited capacity for large batches
Best for: Small clinics, laboratories, or educational settings prioritizing safety and durability in a portable autoclave.
Not ideal for: High-volume or fast-paced sterilization environments that rely on automation and larger capacities.
- Capacity:12L / 12.7 QT
- Power:1KW
- Voltage:110V
- Materials:304 stainless steel
- Safety Features:Dual pressure valves, automatic release
- Operation Mode:Manual
Bottom line: A reliable, safe choice for small-scale sterilization where safety features and durability are essential.
New Upgrade 18L Autoclave Sterilizer, 1500W Tabletop Class N High Pressure Steam Sterilizer, 110V
This autoclave stands out for its large capacity and smart features, making it ideal for busy clinics or labs that need efficient, automated sterilization. Its 18L stainless steel chamber and 1500W power enable rapid, high-capacity cycles, surpassing smaller models like the Tuttnauer T-Classic 9, which is more portable but less suited for large batches. The clear LED display, real-time pressure and temperature monitoring, and automatic pressure release streamline workflows and enhance safety. The drying function adds an extra layer of convenience, making it suitable for sensitive instruments. The device’s automation and larger capacity come with a higher price and slightly more complex operation, but it’s a solid choice for high-volume applications.
Pros:- Large 18L stainless steel chamber for high capacity
- Smart LED displays for pressure, temperature, and status
- Automatic pressure release and drying functions
Cons:- Higher price and complexity compared to basic models
- Less portable due to size and weight
Best for: High-volume clinics, laboratories, or dental practices needing automated, efficient sterilization with large capacity.
Not ideal for: Small offices or mobile settings where portability and minimal features are preferred.
- Capacity:18L
- Power:1500W
- Voltage:110V
- Materials:Stainless Steel
- Display:LED
- Features:Drying, automatic pressure release
Bottom line: Best suited for busy environments requiring large capacity, automation, and advanced safety features.
How We Picked
These autoclaves were selected based on their performance, build quality, user interface, and safety features. Priority was given to models that balance sterilization effectiveness with ease of operation, reliability, and value for money. We compared capacities, cycle times, feature sets, and customer feedback to rank the options. Our goal is to help buyers find models suited to various needs—including professional labs, dental clinics, and home use—while highlighting tradeoffs like cost versus features and size versus speed.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Benchtop Steam Autoclave Sterilizer
Choosing the right benchtop steam autoclave involves understanding several key factors. While higher capacity and faster cycles are appealing, they often come with increased costs and size considerations. It’s important to evaluate your specific sterilization needs, available space, and budget. This guide highlights the critical considerations that can help you avoid common pitfalls and select a model that offers the best balance of performance and value.Capacity and Size
Capacity determines how many tools or items you can sterilize at once, which is crucial for busy labs or clinics. Larger models, such as 23L or 24L, are better suited for professional environments, but they take up more space and often cost more. Smaller units, like 8L or 9L, are more portable and fit well into home or small practice settings, though they may require multiple cycles for large loads. Always match your expected throughput with the sterilizer’s capacity to avoid over- or under-investing.
Cycle Speed and Efficiency
Faster cycle times are essential in high-volume settings, but they usually come with higher price tags. Some models offer rapid sterilization cycles, reducing downtime, while others focus on thorough sterilization at the expense of speed. Consider whether your workflow benefits more from quick turnaround or if longer cycles are acceptable. Also, look for models with features like automatic drainage and steam exhaust, which streamline operation and reduce manual intervention.
Build Quality and Materials
Durability depends heavily on the quality of materials used, especially stainless steel grades. Higher-grade steels resist corrosion better and extend the life of the unit, especially with frequent use. Cheaper metals may rust or degrade over time, leading to maintenance issues. Investing in a well-built model can save money in the long run, but balance this against your budget constraints. Additionally, consider safety features like secure door locks and pressure gauges for reliable operation.
Features and Usability
Modern autoclaves often include digital displays, programmable cycles, and safety interlocks. These features can simplify operation and improve sterilization accuracy. However, added complexity might require more training, so evaluate whether the user interface matches your technical comfort level. Drying functions, cycle customization, and alarms also enhance usability but tend to increase cost. Prioritize features that directly impact your workflow and safety.
Power, Portability, and Compatibility
Voltage and power requirements affect where you can use the sterilizer—110V models suit home or small clinics, while 220V units are more common in professional settings. Portability is a key consideration if you need to move the autoclave regularly or use it in multiple locations. Check for size and weight, especially if space is limited or if you require a lightweight model for mobile use. Compatibility with your existing tools and workflow is also vital for seamless operation.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I sterilize all types of instruments with a benchtop steam autoclave?
Most metal and heat-resistant instruments can be sterilized effectively in a benchtop steam autoclave. However, delicate items like plastics, rubber, or certain electronics may not withstand high temperatures or pressure. Always check manufacturer guidelines for compatibility. For sensitive instruments, alternative sterilization methods might be necessary, or specific cycles designed to protect delicate materials should be used.
How often should I perform maintenance on my autoclave?
Regular maintenance is essential to ensure reliable sterilization. Daily or weekly tasks include cleaning the chamber and checking seals, while more thorough annual inspections should include verifying safety valves and replacing worn gaskets. Consistent upkeep prevents malfunctions, maintains sterilization efficacy, and prolongs the device’s lifespan. Following the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule is highly recommended for optimal performance.
What safety features should I look for in a benchtop autoclave?
Safety features like secure door locks, pressure gauges, and automatic shutoff mechanisms are vital to prevent accidents. Interlock systems that prevent opening the door during operation protect users from high-pressure steam. Alarms for incomplete cycles or malfunctions also add an extra layer of safety. Prioritizing models with these safety features helps ensure safe, consistent sterilization while minimizing risk.
Is a higher capacity autoclave worth the extra cost?
If your workflow involves sterilizing large loads frequently, investing in a higher capacity model can improve efficiency and reduce cycle times. However, for low-volume or occasional sterilization, a smaller model might be more cost-effective. Consider your actual throughput needs and available space before choosing a larger unit, as overspending on capacity you won’t use can be unnecessary.
How important is drying functionality in a benchtop autoclave?
Drying functions significantly enhance the usability of an autoclave, especially if you need sterile tools ready for immediate use. Models with built-in drying systems eliminate the need for manual drying or additional equipment, saving time. However, they tend to add to the cost. If rapid turnaround and convenience are priorities, opting for a model with effective drying features is worthwhile, but for infrequent use, a basic sterilizer may suffice.
Conclusion
The ideal choice depends on your specific needs. For maximum versatility and professional-grade performance, the 23L Autoclave High Pressure Steam offers extensive capacity and advanced features, making it the best overall for busy labs or clinics. Budget-conscious buyers or small practices will find the 8L Portable Steam Autoclave to be a practical, space-saving option with reliable sterilization. For those seeking a high-powered, feature-rich model that balances speed and capacity, the New Upgrade 18L Autoclave Sterilizer stands out. Beginners or home users should lean toward simpler, smaller units, while professionals should prioritize durability, safety, and cycle efficiency when choosing. Ultimately, matching the model’s features to your workflow ensures the best sterilization results and value.
